Based on Glencoe Earth Science (red edition)

Chapter Two

1. What is matter? (p. 32)
2. What is matter made of? (p. 33)
3. What are atoms made of? (p. 35)
4. How are atoms of the same element the same?
   How are they different from atoms of other elements? (p. 36)
5. When atoms combine with other atoms, what do they form? (p.38)
6. What kind of mixture does salt in water form? (p. 41)
7. What is density? (p. 44)
8. Describe the four states of matter. (pp. 46-47)

Chapter Three

9. What are the five characteristics of all minerals? (p. 62)
10. What chemical elements are in all silicate minerals? (p.66)
11. Make a list of seven properties used to identify minerals.
    Next to each property, tell how we determine that property. (pp. 68-71)

Chapter Four

12. What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? (p.87)
13. Draw the rock cycle. (p.87)
14. Describe how the three types of rocks form. (p. 87)
15. Granite is an intrusive igneous rock. Rhyolite is made of the same minerals.
    How is granite different from rhyolite? (p.92)
16. Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock. How does basalt form? (p. 92)
17. What are metamorphic rocks made from? (p. 97)
18. What would you look for to determine if a metamorphic rock is foliated? (p. 99)
19. What materials make sedimentary rocks? (p. 101)
20. What are the three classes of sedimentary rocks? (pp. 103-106)

Chapter Five

21.  Look at the map on page 121. On what kind (generally) of landform do we live? What is the name of the specific landform?
22. What can you infer about the "Ozark Plateau" relative to the "Central Lowlands" and the "Gulf Coastal Plain?"
23. Describe 4 types of mountains and how they form. (pp. 123-125)
24. Define the Science Words on p. 126.
25. Refer to the drawing on the front board. If the sun is directly overhead at the equator (Latitude 0° ), how high in the sky would it be at our location (Latitude 40° North)?
26. What kind of map may be used by hikers and builders who want to know how the lands surface is shaped? (p. 132)

Chapter Six

27. What are the two categories of weathering? Give one example of each. (pp. 149-151)
28. What kind of weathering may be going on faster because of human activity?
29. What is the name of the organic material that is mixed with weathered rock to make soil? (p. 157)
30. You see a road where the construction crew is cutting into the side of a hill. The soil is dark at the top, lighter in the middle, and mixed with unweathered rock at the bottom. What are each of the three layers called? (p. 158)
31. What human activities lead to increases in soil loss? Why is soil loss a problem if more soil is always being made? (pp. 164-165)

Chapter Seven

32. What are Mass Movements caused by? (p.173)
33. Describe the 4 kinds of Mass Movements. (pp. 174-177)
34. What are some examples of structures caused by Glacier erosion? (pp. 182-183)
35. What structures are caused by Glacier deposition? (p.184)
36. Do Mass Movements or Glaciers do a good job of sorting sediments?
37. Name 2 kinds of erosion by wind and 2 kinds of wind deposits.(pp. 188-195)

Chapter Eight

38. Give 3 examples of erosion by water. (pp. 204-205)
39. Give 2 examples of deposition by water. (p. 213)
40. Do wind and water sort sediments? Why are erosion and deposition by wind and water different than erosion and deposition by glaciers and mass movements

Chapter Nine

41. What is the name of a break in rock formation caused by stress? (p. 236)
42. Draw and label the three types of faults. (pp. 238-239)
43. Explain the difference between the three types of earthquake waves. (p. 244)
44. Which seismic waves are faster? Which will not move through liquids?(p.250)
45. Describe in detail how the location of an earthquake is determined.
46. Describe how earthquake waves tell us about the interior structure of the Earth.(p. 250)

Chapter Ten

47. Explain why the Hawaiian islands are arranged in a line. (p. 272-273)
48. Draw and label the three forms of volcanoes. (pp. 278-281) Explain how each forms.

Chapter Eleven

49. What are the four types of clues Alfred Wegener had that the continents were once all in one landmass? (pp. 294-296)
50. What evidence did he lack? (p.297)
51. What newer evidence convinced scientists that the crust of the Earth is moving? (Fig. 11-5 p. 298, and Fig 11-7, p.301)
52. How does the story of the acceptance of Alfred Wegeners hypothesis of continental drift show the role of open-mindedness and skepticism in the learning climate of the 20^th century as far as scientific theories are concerned?
53. Which layers of the Earth make up the Lithosphere? (p.304)
54. Which layer of the Earth contains the Asthenosphere?
55. What are the pieces of the lithosphere called?
56. Describe the 5 types of plate boundaries shown on p. 308-309, and tell which kind of boundary is not shown in this illustration.
57. What causes the movement of the lithospheric plates? (p. 310)
58. Of the five plate boundaries shown on pp. 308-309, which one does not have volcanoes associated with it?
59. Why does an ocean floor plate always sink under a continental plate? (p.307)
60. What happens to the material of a subducted plate? (p. 307)

Chapter Twelve

61.  What conditions must exist in order for fossils to form? (p. 327)

62.  Describe the six general kinds of fossils. (pp. 328-330)

63.What are the characteristics of an organism that make a good index fossil? (p. 331)

64.If you find an index fossil in a layer of sandstone in Colorado, and the same kind of index fossil in another sandstone in Utah, what does that tell you about the two sandstones?

65.What is the name of the Law or principle that tells that the oldest layer of sedimentary rock is on the bottom? (p. 337)

66.When a scientist determines that one rock layer is older than another one, that is_________ dating. (p.338)

67.How does the information in numbers 4-6 help scientists figure out the history of the Earth when there is no continuous series of all the rocks anywhere? (There is no place where there is an unbroken series of rocks from the earliest to the latest)

68.If a fault cuts across several layers of sedimentary rock, are the rock layers older or is the fault older? (p. 343)

69.List the rock formations, intrusions, and faults in the drawing on page 343 (figure B) in order from oldest to youngest.

70.If a scientist determines that a rock is 25 million years old, that is ______ dating. (p. 344)

71.If there is a sample of carbon-14 with a mass of 100 grams, what would be the mass of the carbon-14 left after 11,460 years? (the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years) (p. 345)

72.How much carbon-14 will be left from the original 100 gram sample after three half-lives?

Chapter Thirteen

73.Carbon-14 dating is only useful for dates up to 50,000 years before the present. Can Carbon-14 be used to date dinosaur bones? (p 358)

74.How long has there been life on Earth? (p. 367)

75.What was life on Earth like for the first 3 billion years?

76.What change in organisms marks the start of the Paleozoic Era? (p.367)

77.Where did coal come from? (p. 371)

78.Which era is the time of the dinosaurs? (p. 374)

79.About how long have there been Homo sapiens on Earth? How does this compare to the total amount of time there has been life on Earth? (p. 382)

80.If you found a fossil seashell in a rock high in the mountains, what would that tell you? (not from the book- think about this one!)

Chapter Fourteen

81.What are the gasses in Earth's atmosphere? (p. 392)

82.One of these gasses changes its percentage. Which one is this and why does that percentage change?

83.What else besides gas is in the atmosphere? (p. 393)

84.Fill in the following chart:

85.How much of the atmosphere's gas is in the troposphere? (p.394)

86.How does the Ionosphere affect radio communication on Earth? (p. 395)

87.What is the cause of air pressure? (pp. 396-397)

88.On what is the division of Earth's atmosphere into layers based? (p. 398)

89.Why is the ozone layer important to us? (p. 400)

90.Where do the molecules that break down the ozone come from? (p.401)

91.Describe the three methods of heat transfer. (pp.403-405)

92.Describe the water cycle. List and explain what happens at each step. (pp. 406-407)

93.How does the angle of insolation (the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth) affect the temperature? (p. 410)

94.How does the Coriolis effect change the path of a freely moving body on the Earth? (p. 411)

95.How does this (the Coriolis effect) prove that the Earth is turning?

96.List the Earth's wind belts and describe the direction of the predominant winds in each. (p. 412)

97.What are the winds that blow very fast at high altitude? (p. 414)

98.Describe how sea breezes and land breezes form. (p. 415)

99.What is the difference between weather and climate?

Chapter Fifteen

100.                 What are four of the factors that determine the state of the weather? (p. 422)

101.                 What is the relationship between the temperature and the amount of water vapor the air can hold? (p. 423)

102.                 If the relative humidity is 100%, is the air saturated or unsaturated? (p. 424)

103.                 What are the conditions required for cloud formation?

104.                 Describe the three main types of clouds. (p. 425)

105.                 The suffix -nimbus means that the cloud forms rain. What is a cumulonimbus cloud? (p. 427)

106.                 What is the instrument that is used to measure relative humidity? (p. 428)

107.                 What are the four main types of precipitation? (p. 430)

108.                 What are the conditions required for hail to form? (pp. 430-431)

109.                 What would be the properties of an air mass that develops over tropical oceans? What would be the properties of an air mass that develops over a cold landmass? (p 432)

110.                 Which is denser (heavier) hot air or cold air?

111.                 If cold, dense air were sinking, what kind of pressure system would that be? If warm, less dense air were rising, what kind of pressure system would that be? (p. 433)

112.                 Draw the four kinds of fronts. (p. 434)

113.                 Explain why hail, thunderstorms, and tornadoes are associated with rapidly rising air. (pp. 435-437)

114.                 What is the source for the energy that drives a hurricane? (p.438)

115.                 Make a station model that describes todays weather. Make another station model that describes the weather on a typical January day. (p.440)

116.                 Look at the weather map on p. 443, Figure 15-18. There is a high-pressure system on the Carolina coast. What is the weather like there? Where will that system most likely be tomorrow?

117.                 In the same weather map, what is the weather like in the low system north of Texas? Where will that system be tomorrow?

Chapter Sixteen

118.                 What are the climate zones in figure 16-1 (p. 452) caused by?

119.                 How do the mountains of South America affect the climate to the east of them? (p. 455)

Chapter Seventeen

120.                 How did Earth's oceans form? (p. 479)

121.                 How did other chemicals besides water get into seawater?

122.                 What is the measure of the amount of dissolved solids in seawater called? (p. 480)

123.                 Why doesn't ocean water keep getting saltier if rivers are constantly adding dissolved salts to the water? (p. 481)

124.                 What are the two types of currents? (pp. 484-489)

125.                 What drives surface currents?

126.                 What kind of current is the Gulf Stream? (p. 485)

127.                 In the Northern Hemisphere, are the currents on the East coast of a continent likely to be warm or cold? (p. 486)

128.                 Look at the satellite picture on p. 486. How do surface currents explain why the ocean at Virginia Beach is so much colder than at Nags Head, North Carolina, only a short distance to the south?

129.                 How does upwelling affect fishing on the western coast of the U.S. and South America? (p. 487)

130.                 Explain how freezing water near Antarctica causes a density current. (p. 488)

131.                 Copy Figure 17-9, p. 490.

132.                 When a wave moves through the water, are the water molecules moving in the same way as the wave itself? (p. 490)

133.                 How do breakers form? (p. 492)

134.                 What is the phase of the moon at the highest high tide and the lowest low tide? (p. 495)

Chapter Eighteen

135.                 How does plate tectonics theory explain the features of the seafloor? (pp. 506-507)

136.                 How does ocean life transfer energy from the sun to higher organisms? (p. 511)

137.                 Define plankton, nekton, and benthos. (pp. 513-514)

Chapter Twenty One

138.                 When we look at distant stars, are we seeing them as they are now? (p. 584)

139.                 What property of the electromagnetic spectrum makes electromagnetic radiation useful for gathering information about objects in space? (p. 585)

140.                 List six bands (regions of the spectrum) of electromagnetic energy from the highest frequency to the lowest. (p. 585)

141.                 What is the difference between an artificial satellite and a space probe? (p. 594-595)

Chapter Twenty Two

142.                 Explain three different kinds of evidence that the Earth is sphere-shaped. (p. 614)

143.                 What is the difference between rotation and revolution? (pp. 615-617)

144.                 Look at figure 22-3, p. 617. What season is it in the Northern Hemisphere when the Earth is closest to the sun?

145.                 Explain how the Earth's revolution around the sun causes the seasons. Be sure to describe the position of the sun in the sky at the solstices and the equinoxes. Tell how the seasons are different in different parts of the world. (pp. 619-622)

146.                 Why do we only ever see one side of the moon? (p. 623)

147.                 Draw the position of the sun, the moon and the Earth at the full moon, new moon, and the first quarter. (p. 624)

148.                 What is a solar eclipse? Why don't we have solar eclipses every time there is a new moon? (p. 626)

Chapter Twenty Three

149.                 Describe the formation of the solar system. (pp. 642-643)

150.                 Describe the shape of the Earth's orbit around the sun. Be sure to tell the name of the sun's position in the orbit. (p. 645)

151.                 Compare and contrast the inner planets and the outer planets. (pp. 646-659)

152.                 Why does a comet have a tail? Why does the tail always point away from the sun? (p. 663)

153.                 What is the difference between a meteoroid and an asteroid? (pp. 664-665)

Chapter Twenty Four

154.                 Why do we see different constellations in the summer than we do in the winter? (p. 673)

155.                 Describe sunspots, prominences, and flares. (pp. 680-681)

156.                 What is going on in the cores of main sequence stars? (pp. 686-687)

157.                 Why are supergiant stars so big? (p. 687)

158.                 How do we know the universe is expanding? (p. 694)